Ragionamento di un comune bue serbo
Molte cose sorprendenti accadono a questo mondo, e il nostro paese, come molti sanno, eccede di meraviglie al punto che le meraviglie non sono più tali. Ci sono degli individui qui da noi che occupano delle posizioni veramente di alto prestigio che non pensano affatto, ed ecco allora che come una forma di compensazione, o magari per qualche altra ragione, un comune bue di campagna, che non differisce di una virgola dagli altri buoi Serbi, cominciò a pensare. Dio sa cosa accadde per far sì che questo ingegnoso animale osasse imbarcarsi in un’impresa così impudente, specialmente considerando che in Serbia questa infelice occupazione può solo arrecarvi danno. Diciamo allora che questo povero diavolo, nella sua ingenuità, non sapeva che un tale ufficio non rende nella sua patria, così non gli riconosceremo alcun coraggio civico. Pure rimane un mistero il perché un bue debba pensare dal momento che non è un elettore, né un normale consigliere o un sindaco, né è stato eletto deputato in alcuna assemblea bovina, o tanto meno senatore (se questo ha raggiunto una certa età). E casomai l’anima bella avesse sognato di diventare ministro di stato in qualsivoglia paese bovino, essa avrebbe dovuto sapere che all’opposto, sarebbe stato necessario far pratica del come pensare il meno possibile, come quei ministri eccellenti in alcuni paesi più felici, per quanto il nostro paese non sia così fortunato nemmeno da questo punto di vista. In fin dei conti, perché dovremmo preoccuparci del motivo per il quale un bue Serbo ha intrapreso un’attività abbandonata dalla gente? Inoltre, potrebbe darsi che esso abbia iniziato a pensare semplicemente in virtù di un qualche suo istinto naturale.
Quindi, di che genere di bue si tratta? Un comune bue che, come la zoologia ci insegna, ha una testa, un corpo e degli arti, come tutti gli altri buoi; esso tira un carretto, pascola sull’erba, lecca il sale, rumina e muggisce. Il suo nome è Cenerino.
Ecco come iniziò a pensare. Un giorno il suo padrone mise sotto giogo lui e il suo compagno, Nerino, caricò alcuni picchetti rubati sul carretto e li portò in città per venderli. Quasi immediatamente non appena fu entrato in città egli vendette i picchetti e quindi tolse il giogo a Cenerino e al suo compagno, agganciò la catena che li assicurava al giogo, gli gettò davanti un fascio di Rudbeckia, e se ne andò allegro in una piccola taverna per rinfrescarsi con qualche bicchiere. Si svolgeva una fiera in paese, così s’incrociavano uomini, donne e bambini per ogni dove. Nerino, che era noto tra gli altri buoi per essere alquanto tonto, non guardò nulla, ma si dedicò in tutta serietà al suo pranzo, fece una scorpacciata, mugghiò un po’ per il puro piacere di farlo, e quindi si distese, sonnecchiando placidamente e ruminando. Tutte quelle persone che passavano non erano affar suo. Lui semplicemente sonnecchiava e ruminava (è un peccato che non fosse un umano, con simili predisposizioni atte a una nobile carriera). Cenerino invece non poteva prendere un solo boccone. I suoi occhi sognanti e l’espressione triste sul muso mostravano di primo acchito che questi era un pensatore, e una delicata, impressionabile anima. La gente, Serbi, gli passava accanto, fieri del loro glorioso passato, del loro nome, della loro nazione, e questo orgoglio si rivelava nel loro contegno e passo severo. Cenerino osservò tutto questo, e d’un tratto il suo animo fu avvinto dalla pena e dal dolore per la tremenda ingiustizia, ed esso non poté che soccombere a una simile forte, improvvisa e intensa emozione: questi mugghiò tristemente, dolorosamente, le lacrime negli occhi. E nel suo immenso dolore, Cenerino cominciò a pensare:
– Di cosa il mio padrone e i suoi compatrioti, i Serbi, vanno così fieri? Perché tengono le loro teste così alte e guardano alla mia gente con orgoglio altezzoso e disprezzo? Essi sono fieri della loro madrepatria, orgogliosi che un fato benigno gli ha permesso di nascere qui in Serbia. Anche mia madre mi ha dato alla luce qui in Serbia, e la Serbia non è soltanto la mia madrepatria ma anche quella di mio padre, e i miei antenati, proprio come i loro, sono giunti in queste terre dalla vecchia patria Slava. Eppure nessuno di noi buoi si è sentito fiero di questo, siamo solo orgogliosi della nostra capacità di tirare un carico più pesante in salita; fino ad oggi un bue non ha mai detto a un bue Tedesco: “Che volete da me, io sono un bue Serbo, la mia patria è la fiera nazione Serba, tutti i miei avi sono stati generati in questo luogo, e qui, in codesta terra, sono le tombe dei miei antenati”. Dio ce ne scampi, non ci siamo mai inorgogliti di questo, giammai c’è saltato in mente, mentre essi ne vanno persino fieri. Strana gente!
Preso da simili pensieri, il bue scrollò mestamente il capo, la campana sul collo che suonava e il gioco che scricchiolava. Nerino aprì gli occhi, guardò il suo amico e muggì:
– Di nuovo con queste tue buffonate! Mangia, sciocco, ingrassa un po’, guarda le tue costole che sporgono; se pensare fosse stato un bene, la gente non l’avrebbe lasciato a noi buoi. Non saremmo certo stati così fortunati!
Cenerino guardò il suo compagno con pietà, ritrasse la testa da lui, e tornò a immergersi nei suoi pensieri.
– Essi vanno fieri del loro passato glorioso. Essi hanno il loro Campo del Kosovo. Capirete, i miei avi non tiravano carretti con cibo e armamenti già allora? Non fosse stato per noi, la gente avrebbe dovuta farlo da sé. Poi vi fu la sommossa contro i Turchi. Una grande, nobile impresa, ma chi si trovava colà a quel tempo? Sono stati questi altezzosi sempliciotti, impettiti con fierezza davanti a me come se fosse merito loro, a sollevare la rivolta? Prendete il mio padrone come esempio. Anch’egli è così orgoglioso e mena vanto della rivolta, specialmente considerando il fatto che il suo bisnonno perì nella guerra di liberazione come un autentico eroe. Ed è questo merito del mio padrone? Il suo bisnonno ha il diritto di essere fiero, ma non lui; il suo bisnonno è morto affinché il mio padrone, suo discendente, potesse essere libero. Così egli è libero, e come usa la propria libertà? Egli ruba i picchetti degli altri, siede sul carretto e io devo condurre sia lui che i picchetti mentre egli è addormentato alle redini. Ora ha venduto i suoi picchetti, sta bevendo liquore, non fa nulla e s’inorgoglisce del suo glorioso passato. E quanti dei miei antenati sono stati massacrati nella sommossa per nutrire i combattenti? E i miei antenati all’epoca non trascinavano armamenti, cannoni, cibo, munizioni? Eppure noi non ci vantiamo dei loro meriti perché non siamo cambiati; noi compiamo ancora il nostro dovere oggidì, così come i nostri antenati, pazientemente e coscienziosamente.
Essi sono fieri delle sofferenze dei loro antenati e di cinquecento anni di schiavitù. I miei simili hanno sofferto per l’intera loro esistenza, e oggidì ancora soffriamo e siamo ridotti in schiavitù, eppure non lo urliamo a squarciagola. Essi dicono che i Turchi li hanno torturati, assassinati e impalati; be’, i miei antenati venivano assassinati allo stesso modo dai Turchi come dai Serbi, e arrostiti, e sottoposti a ogni genere di torture.
Essi sono fieri della loro religione, eppure non credono in nulla. Che colpa abbiamo io e i miei simili se non possiamo essere accettati tra i Cristiani? La loro religione dice loro di “non rubare” ed ecco che il mio padrone ruba e beve col danaro ottenuto dal rubare. La loro religione li esorta ad amare i loro vicini, eppure essi non si fanno altro che del male l’un l’altro. Per loro, l’uomo migliore, un esempio di virtù, è colui che non fa alcun male, e naturalmente nessuno pensa di chiedere a qualcuno di fare anche qualcosa di buono, a parte il non fare del male. Questo dice quanto siano caduti in basso, che i loro esempi di virtù non sono meglio di qualsiasi oggetto inutile che non sia dannoso.
Il bue sospirò profondamente, e il suo respiro sollevò la polvere dalla strada.
– Così, – il bue proseguì i suoi tristi pensieri – da questo punto di vista, non siamo io e i miei simili migliori in ciò di tutti loro? Io non ho mai assassinato nessuno, non ho mai diffamato alcuno, non ho rubato nulla, non ho licenziato un uomo innocente dal pubblico servizio, non ho causato un ammanco nel tesoro nazionale, non ho dichiarato una bancarotta fraudolenta, non ho mai posto in catene o arrestato delle persone innocenti, non ho mai calunniato i miei amici, non sono mai andato contro i miei principi bovini, non ho reso falsa testimonianza, non sono mai stato un ministro di stato e non ho mai causato alcun male al paese, e non solo non ho mai fatto alcun male, ma faccio anche del bene a coloro che mi fanno del male. Mi madre mi ha dato alla luce, e subito degli uomini malvagi mi hanno sottratto il latte di mia madre. Se non altro Dio ha creato l’erba per noi buoi, e non per gli uomini, eppure essi ci privano anche di questa. Pure, nonostante tutti quei colpi, noi tiriamo i carretti degli uomini, ariamo i loro campi e gli diamo il pane. Malgrado ciò nessuno ammette i meriti di ciò che facciamo per la patria…
– Oppure considerate il digiuno come esempio; be’, agli uomini, la religione dice di digiunare in tutti i giorni festivi, eppure essi non sono disposti a sopportare nemmeno questo piccolo digiuno, mentre io e la mia gente digiuniamo tutta la vita, sin da quando siamo stati svezzati per la prima volta dal seno di nostra madre.
Il bue chinò il capo come se fosse preoccupato, quindi lo risollevò di nuovo, sbuffò con rabbia, e parve che qualcosa di importante gli stesse tornando in mente, tormentandolo; d’un tratto, mugghiò gioiosamente:
– Oh, adesso lo so, deve trattarsi di questo – e seguitò a ragionare, – è questo: essi sono fieri della loro libertà e dei diritti civili. Devo ponderare seriamente la questione.
Ed esso pensava, pensava, ma non riusciva a comprendere.
– Quali sono questi loro diritti? Se la polizia gli ordina di votare, essi votano, e parimenti, noi potremmo altrettanto facilmente mugghiare: “Pee-e-e-er!” E se non gli viene ingiunto, essi non osano votare, o anche solo immischiarsi in politica, proprio come noi. Essi inoltre vengono battuti in prigione, anche se sono del tutto innocenti. Se non altro noi mugghiamo e agitiamo la coda, ed essi non hanno nemmeno questo piccolo coraggio civico.
In quel mentre, il suo padrone uscì dalla taverna. Ubriaco, barcollante, gli occhi annebbiati, mormorando qualche parola incomprensibile, egli si diresse errando verso il carretto.
– Guardate, come sta usando questo fiero discendente la libertà conquistata con il sangue dei suoi antenati? Certo, il mio padrone è un ubriacone e un ladro, ma come usano gli altri questa libertà? Semplicemente per oziare e inorgoglirsi del passato e del merito dei loro antenati al quale hanno contribuito tanto quanto me. E noialtri buoi, noi siamo rimasti lavoratori laboriosi e utili tanto quanto lo furono i nostri antenati. Siamo buoi, ma possiamo ancora essere fieri del nostro duro lavoro e dei nostri meriti oggidì.
Il bue sospirò profondamente e preparò il collo per il giogo.
A Belgrado, 1902
Per il progetto “Radoje Domanovic” tradotto da Walter Taurisano, 2020
Demon (2/2)
II
A grand sunset. The west is covered in pink hues, and the forests look as if they were engulfed in flames of most vivid colours.
Đorđe read until dusk, and then he went out to the garden to rest and enjoy in the most beautiful time of day.
He recalled Turgenev’s descriptions of nature’s wonders, so he started observing each little cloud, each nuance of the magical colours of the sunset, the forest, the sky showing here and there through the trees, and the rays of the sun piercing through as if there were a red-hot mass of blood flowing behind the forest. He looked at the branches lightly trembling, and the leaves fluttering in the wind.
It seemed to him as if the whole nature possesses a soul, boundless and magnificent, and that his soul had blended with it, and surrendered to silent, sweet longing, and mysterious, grandiose serenity.
Suddenly he heard hooves stomping and he looked up the road. Two horsemen rushed towards him in a cloud of dust, and dismounted before his house.
Another scribe from the county seat, accompanied by a gendarme.
– Good afternoon! – muttered the scribe through his teeth, all dignified and pompous, looking almost over Đorđe’s shoulder, and not even waiting for him to greet them back, he asked in a sharper, more official tone:
– Are you Đorđe Andrić, the philosopher?
– I am – said Đorđe, looking astounded at the scribe and the gendarme strolling back and forth by his side, frowning seriously.
– Are you the one distributing books that are against the current state of affairs and the government?! – asked the scribe, full of authority.
– Me?! – asked Đorđe, shocked by such an unexpected question, and he just could not believe what was going on.
Gendarme made a slight cough, but with such an air of importance as if he were saying: “Beware, I am also standing before you in this uniform, in all my power and might!”
– Kindly come inside the house! – ordered the scribe. Gendarme approached him with his chest forward.
– But I don’t know what it is you want, I don’t even know who you are!…
– Now you’ll get to know who I am! – shouted the scribe as he nodded at the gendarme.
Gendarme grabbed his arm, pushing him forwards, and uttering in an even sterner tone:
– Get in when you’re spoken to, quit playing the fool! – pointing at the door.
Đorđe went in.
Only his mother and his three-year old nephew were in the house, while others had gone to work in the fields, where they will stay the whole night.
When the scribe entered, the poor lady bowed, and approached meekly to greet them, but he didn’t even look at her, he just followed Đorđe into the room.
Gendarme followed them inside with the same important air.
The search started. They collected all the books and papers. Night fell. They lit a candle and ransacked the house and the basement, they even raised the icons from the walls to check if there was something behind them.
–
The moon was shining and the stars were alight. Windmills are clattering and work songs were echoing in the air. It would’ve been such a pleasure just to stand and watch all the beauty surrounding them.
The old woman sat alone in front of the house and cried, praying to God, while young Ivica was sitting on the doorstep playing, unwinding a ball of yarn from his grandma’s basket.
At the same time, far away from home, Đorđe was walking in front of the gendarme.
Deep in thought and shaken by the strange event, he could not enjoy hearing his favourite work song:
Shine, oh moon, shine, cold light!
Only a young dreamer could have felt the weight of Đorđe’s thoughts and emotions.
In front of them a farmer was driving a cart full of wheat. Cowbells on the oxen were clanking in the rhythm of their gait, and the farmer was singing out loud:
Oh, dark night, cold till the morrow,
Oh, my heart so filled with sorrow!
Never before has Đorđe felt and understood so vividly and so strongly this song that was forged by suffering from the hearts of the common folk.
–
The next day, having spent the night under surveillance in the tavern, by the mercy of the chief inspector, Đorđe was now standing before him bareheaded, pale, and tired of the sleepless night and strange thoughts.
Chief inspector started interrogating, and an apprentice clerk was taking notes.
– What is your name?
– Đorđe Andrić.
– What is your occupation?
– I am a student.
Chief inspector must have counted this to be an aggravating circumstance.
– How old are you?
– Twenty one.
– Have you ever been convicted?
– I was put in detention during my first year in grammar school.
– What for?
– For calling a friend ‘beanpole’!
Chief inspector thought about something for a second, searched through the books and muttered to himself:
– Right, defamation! Who sentenced you?
– Class teacher did!
Chief inspector winced, and it looked as if he were ashamed of himself.
– Have you ever been convicted by a civil court?
– How could I’ve been when I’m still a student?!
Chief inspector fell silent, mulling something over, and at long last he mumbled:
– This is an urgent matter – he coughed and continued the interrogation after having finished a whole cigarette and drinking a glass of water, just like a man preparing to embark on a serious undertaking.
– What did you read yesterday?
– The “Demon”!
– Write that down! – shrieked the chief inspector. – Did you read it to anyone else?
– No, but I could recommend it to anyone as very nice reading.
– You are standing before authority, think well before you repeat that it is nice, very nice reading!
– Very nice!
– You dare say so?! Write that down, he read it, and contrary to civil laws still claims that a forbidden thing is nice.
– In the name of God, Sir, what is so horrible in saying that Lermontov’s “Demon” is a nice thing? Do the laws forbid that?
– Who are you trying to deceive? Who’s asking you about Lermontov? Don’t tempt your fate by trying to play tricks with the chief inspector!
– That’s what you’re asking me about!
– About what?!
– Well, the Lermontov’s “Demon”, whether it is a nice thing!
– So?!
– So I’m saying that the poet is a genius and rightfully celebrated.
– Don’t give me this nonsense, tell me what is it you like in that book, that is what I want, understand! – shouted the chief inspector thumping his feet which made the whole building trembled.
Đorđe was astounded, but he had to quote, so he chose verses randomly:
By the first day of our creation
I swear, and by its final night
I swear by evil’s condemnation
And by the triumph of the right!
– Enough! Don’t you make a fool of me with this nonsense! – shouted the chief inspector slamming his hand on the table angrily.
– Well you asked for it!
– I know what I’m asking for, speak up before I show you what I can do!
The clerk was picking his teeth, eyeing the chief inspector and the student, dumbfounded by the proceedings.
– But I assure you that is the “Demon”! – said Đorđe, all sweating from anger.
Chief inspector sat still for a moment, and then he asked:
– So, it’s in a poem?!
– Yes, Lermontov is a poet!
– Don’t you mislead me!
– Well he wrote it!
– Who did?
– Lermontov.
Chief inspector rang his bell, and ordered to have Lermontov looked up in the Police Herald.
– It’s Zmaj’s translation!
– What translation?
– Of the book.
– Who is that Lermontov?
– Russian.
– A-ha, so he is Russian?! – said the chief inspector, gawking at him, lost for words.
The clerk returned and said that there is no such thing in the Police Herald.
It took a lot of explanation for the chief inspector to come to his senses, to understand that poets are not photographed for warrants in the Police Herald, and that this is a book publicly available to anyone.
He even ordered a copy of Zmaj’s “Poems” to be brought from the bookstore, to make sure it is in there.
Eventually his tone softened, and became almost cordial:
– Alright, alright, sir, we will see about this; I will keep, you know, just in case, that Russian book, until I’ve inspected it! Our job is hard, you see. We step on people’s toes, and all that because of our work. And people do not understand, they think it’s all my whim!
– Goodbye.
– Farewell, give my regards to your family, we did put you on a bit of a rough spot, haven’t we?
–
This may have happened somewhere once, some time ago in some strange land, and it may not have even occurred on Earth, if perchance there are people inhabiting the Moon. It is most likely to believe this to be a dream of mine. Dreaming feels so sweet, and I do not want to become disappointed like Đorđe. Already he thinks somewhat differently now, and he stopped dreaming only about poems.
Belgrade, 16th September 1898
Published in “Novi Odjek” (New Echo) on 20th September 1898
For the “Radoje Domanović” Project, translated by Vladimir Živanović, proofread by Linda Hopkins.
English translation of Lermontov’s verses taken from: Narrative Poems by Alexander Pushkin and by Mikhail Lermontov, Random House, New York 1983, translated by Charles Johnston.
Remark: Although the author states that events from this short story had most probably only occurred in his dream, they also would not be entirely unlikely. The end of the XIX century saw Serbia under an oppressive, reactionary regime of the Obrenović dynasty. After a defeat in war with Bulgaria and serious domestic difficulties, in 1889, King Milan abdicated in favour of his only son, Aleksandar, and left Serbia for Paris where he joined his then mistress. However, during certain periods of his son’s reign, he still exerted a significant influence over domestic politics.
In October 1897, Milan returned to Serbia and was appointed by his son to be commander-in-chief of the Serbian Army. Sometime after this appointment (late 1897 or early 1898), a young Belgrade lawyer Ljubomir Živković wrote a 20-page pamphlet against the ex-king, called “The Demon of Serbia”, which was printed abroad in 50,000 copies, and circulated illegally in Serbia, describing the ex-king as a gambler and a philanderer, full of hatred towards the Serbs, and willing to ruin the army and the whole country for his own personal gain. Although the pamphlet was banned and destroyed by the government, a couple of copies of are still extant.
It is also interesting to note that this story is the first satirical work written and published by Radoje Domanović, who had just moved to Belgrade around that time, having been dismissed from his teaching post in Leskovac in July 1898 due to his membership in the opposition People’s Radical Party, and further diminishing any possibility of working in the public sector after proposing a resolution against the government on the Tenth Assembly of the Teachers’ Society in August 1898.
Demon (1/2)
Sweet are the days of childhood; sweet are the dreams of youth. Blessed is he who had never woken up to feel all the bitterness of life and its waking moments.
Our days pass fleetly, time flies, events speed by us so quickly, and in this weird whirlwind of events, one cannot even dream; you have to wake up, even if you haven’t slept through the sweetest dreams of the happiest days of your youth.
Our hero had grasped the reality of life when he was twenty-one years old, during his studies at the Grande École.
The school was on holiday, so Đorđe went back home to spend the summer and enjoy the lovely forests of his birthplace, in the loving embrace of his parents.
The first morning upon his arrival, he took the narrow path through the forest, which leads to a spring on top of the hill. From the top, there is a beautiful view of the whole surroundings.
He sat on the bench he made himself under the linden tree by the spring, listened to the murmuring of water, and quaffed the fragrance and the fresh breath of the summer morning. He watched the forests, pathways and meadows he used to run along so many times in his childhood. He watched the white houses of his neighbours, standing out among the orchards and forested hills; countless childhood memories awakening in his mind.
He feels as though everything in this land knows him, everything loves him, even the sun warms him more kindly, and wind caresses him more gently, as if the whole nature greets him through the silent whisper of the stream, and rustling of the leaves: “Welcome home!”
Thousands of the most beautiful verses circled through his mind, and he recited them out loud passionately as if he was looking for help expressing his emotions.
He returned home fresh and merry, his face shining from inner happiness and pleasure.
–
After breakfast, he lay on the couch, and took a book – Lermontov. That is his most loved poet, maybe because he just started reading his books, or generally his best of all.
His father was sitting in the kitchen with two-three other farmers, discussing the prices of wheat and other crops.
Đorđe was reading, without listening to them, although the door to the kitchen was by chance left open.
The conversation stopped, so Đorđe also stopped reading and looked that way.
Someone greeted the room, and he could hear a saber rattling.
The farmers stood up and removed their hats.
“Must be the county scribe,” Đorđe thought to himself disinterestedly and continued reading.
Old Jakov, Đorđe’s father, immediately boasted to the scribe that his son had returned from studies, and he led him into the room filled of pride and joy.
It didn’t feel right for Đorđe to be interrupted, but he stopped reading, and greeted the scribe.
– You were reading, and we disturbed you! – said the scribe sitting down, taking off his service cap, and smoothing his hair.
– Never mind, never mind! I love to read, but I love company even more! – said Đorđe.
– Well, yes, that’s what we educated people enjoy! I read a lot myself, I must have read, truth be told, a basket of books that big! – said the scribe proudly, pointing at the laundry basket under the table.
Old man Jakov stood by the door, holding his breath, absorbed in the pleasure of seeing that his son knows how to talk to high-ranking people.
The farmers stood by the door in the kitchen, listening attentively, as if they were expecting to hear something new and good for themselves, about the taxes or something else.
Đorđe started browsing through the book idly.
— What is the young master reading, if I may ask? — The scribe interrupted the silence.
— Lermontov — Đorđe replied.
—Ri…i…i…ght! Very nice to hear that, it is a wonderful novel, I did read it somewhere before. Which volume are you reading?
— He is a poet! — said Đorđe.
— Yes, yes, a poem, what was I thinking! Oh, such a famous piece! — said the scribe vividly slapping his knee, and then he smiled, tapped himself on the head and waved his arm in a gesture of ridiculing himself as if he had forgotten something so familiar to him as his own name.
— Which volume is out now, you were saying?… I think I kept buying until the fifth volume!
— These are collected works, it does not come out in volumes!
— Oh, yeah, yeah, right, that’s right, I must’ve been thinking about a play by Branko Radičević[1], that’ll be it… What part were you reading just now?
— I’m just reading the “Demon”. Extraordinary piece, and verses so melodic that they couldn’t be more beautiful! – exclaimed Đorđe.
Scribe fell silent suddenly, and started rubbing his forehead, frowning, as if he were recollecting something.
“Seems like that’s one of those forbidden books!” – He thought, and suddenly postured himself as a person of authority. He wanted to jump up, grab the book, and shout at Đorđe: “Forwards, in the name of the law!” He had to restrain himself, because he was not yet entirely certain that is the case, so he decided to interrogate him skillfully, making sure that Đorđe will not notice as he leads him on, and then he will immediately go and report about his important finding.
So he smiled again and said in his most courteous tone:
– Young master would be so kind to read a nice segment to me. I enjoy listening to such things!
– With pleasure, – said Đorđe, glad to get to read, just to stop the conversation he was getting fed up with. He remembered that the scribe cannot speak Russian, so he didn’t even ask him, but took Zmaj’s[2] translation of the “Demon” and started from the beginning.
A Demon, soul of all the banished,
Sadly above the sinful world
Floated, and thoughts of days now vanished
Before him crowdingly unfurled.
This felt somehow obscure to the scribe, and he thought that therein lay the danger.
“Wait, let me dupe him like this a bit”, he said to himself, and interrupted Đorđe saying:
– Quite a beautiful piece!
– Extraordinary! – said Đorđe.
– But just as long as it is not somehow against the current state of affairs in the country!
Đorđe didn’t even listen to him, and had no idea what he wanted to say. He kept reading, and the scribe listened, and as he listened, one word or another evocated terrible images in his mind.
“That’s it, that’s it!” he thought to himself, but still there was something suspicious about Tamara!
“Which Tamara might that be…? A-ha!” he thought, explaining it to himself in his own way, “I know which one it is!”
Oh, soul of evil, soul unsleeping,
In midnight gloom, what tryst is keeping?
None of your votaries are here…
“Well, that’s that!” the scribe thought to himself and stood up. His belief was now stronger than suspicion.
– Nice, nice piece, really beautiful! – He said, smiling, and in a sweet tone apologized that he had to leave, which is a pity because he had had such a pleasant time.
“Now you’ll see your joy, you little fish!” he thought maliciously after he had left the house.
[1] Branko Radičević (1824–1853) was one of the most influential Romantic poets in modern Serbian literature, especially since he was the first poet to use the simple language of the common people in his works. During his lifetime he published two collections of poems (in 1847 and 1851), and his remaining poems were collected in a third book that was published posthumously (1862); he did not write any plays.
[2] Jovan Jovanović (1833–1904), best known in Serbia mononymously by his nickname “Zmaj”, was one of the most prolific Serbian poets and translators of the XIX century. He translated from Hungarian, German and Russian, and he made it possible for Serbian audiences to enjoy works of Goethe, Heine, Tennyson, Petőfi, Lermontov and many others.
Rozjímání jednoho obyčejného srbského vola
Tento svět je plný zázraků. Naše země je, jak mnozí říkají, zázraky přímo zaplavena a to do takové míry, že už o zázraky ani nejde. Na vysokých pozicích se nachází lidé, kteří vůbec nepřemýšlí. Na druhé straně snad jako kompenzace či z jakéhokoliv jiného důvodu existuje jeden obyčejný rolnický vůl nelišící se od ostatních srbských volů, který začal rozjímat. Kdo ví, co se stalo, že se toto výjimečné zvíře pustilo do tak smělého činu. A to obzvláště zde v Srbsku, kde bylo již mnohokrát dokázáno, že tato nešťastná činnost může přinést jen obtíže. Řekněme tedy, že tato ubohá bestie v celé své naivitě netušila, že tato činnost není v jeho zemi žádoucí. Nebudeme mu tedy přisuzovat žádnou občanskou odvahu. Záhadou ovšem zůstává, proč by měl vůl rozjímat, když není voličem, radním, ani purkmistrem. Nebyl zvolen ani jako zástupce valného shromáždění turu domácího, či senátorem (je-li jeho věk přiměřený). A pokud on, ta ubohá duše kdy snila o tom stát se ministrem v zemi turů, měla by naopak aplikovat metodu, jak přemýšlet co nejméně je to možné, podobně jako vynikající ministři. Ovšem ani v tom naše země nemá štěstí. Konec konců proč bychom se měli pozastavovat nad tím, že jeden vůl převzal těžký úkol, kterého se lidé zřekli? Je dosti možné, že jeho rozjímání je jakýmsi výsledkem základního instinktu.
Tak tedy, o jakého vola to vlastně jde? Jde o běžného vola, o kterém zoologie říká, že má stejně jako kterýkoliv jiný vůl hlavu, tělo, končetiny. Táhne povoz, žere trávu, olizuje sůl, přežvýkává a bučí. Jeho jméno je Sivonja, šedý vůl.
Začal uvažovat takto. Jeho pán jednoho dne zapřáhl jak jeho, tak i jeho kamaráda Galonju. Na povoz naložil několik ukradených plotových sloupků a vyrazil do města prodat je. Jakmile vstoupil do města, téměř okamžitě sloupky prodal. Posléze Sivonju a jeho kamaráda vypřáhl z povozu, hodil před ně svazek trávy a vesele odešel do malé hospůdky, aby se tam občerstvil několika nápoji. Ve městě právě probíhal festival. Kolem tak procházely spousty mužů, žen a dětí. Galonja, který byl mezi ostatními voli znám tím, že byl lehce přihlouplý, dění kolem sebe nepozoroval. Místo toho se ve vší vážnosti zajímal pouze o svůj oběd. S čistým požitkem si nacpal břicho a poté si lehl a spokojeně přežvýkával a podřimoval. Procházející lidé ho vůbec nezajímali. Jen spokojeně podřimoval a přežvýkával (je škoda, že to není člověk, neboť má všechny předpoklady pro slibnou kariéru). Sivonja ovšem nedokázal pozřít ani sousto. Na první pohled bylo z jeho zasněných očí a smutného výrazu ve tváři patrno, že je to myslitel, dobrá a vnímavá duše. Kolem něho procházejí lidé, Srbové, hrdí na svou slavnou historii, na své jméno, národ. Jejich hrdost se projevuje jak v jejich chování, tak v jejich chůzi. Sivonja to celé pozorně pozoroval. Z ničeho nic byla jeho duše zaplavena zármutkem a bolestí nad obrovskou nespravedlností. Tak náhlé a silné emoci ale nemohl nepodlehnout. Smutně a bolestně zabučel. Z očí se mu začaly řinout slzy. Zaplaven obrovskou bolestí začal Sivonja rozjímat:
– Na co je můj pán a jeho krajané, Srbové, tak pyšný? Proč všichni nosí hlavy tak vysoko a dívají se na mé lidi s pýchou a opovržením? Jsou pyšní na svou domovinu, pyšní na milosrdný osud, který jim umožnil, že se narodili zde, v Srbsku. Má matka mě také porodila zde, v Srbsku. A Srbsko není jen mou rodnou zemí, ale je rodnou zemí i mého otce a mých předků. Stejně jako jejich. Všichni do této staré slovanské země přišli společně. Ovšem nikdo z nás, nikdo z volů, na to není hrdý. Naše hrdost tkví ve schopnosti táhnout těžká břemena do kopce. Do dnešního dne se nestalo, aby nějaký srbský vůl řekl německému volovi: “Co po mě chcete? Já jsem srbský vůl. Mou domovinou je hrdá Srbská země. Všichni mí předci tam vyrostli. A zde, tato země, je hrobem mých předků.” Bůh chraň, na tohle my jsme nikdy hrdí nebyli. Nikdy nám to na mysl ani nepřišlo. A oni jsou na to tak hrdí. Zvláštní lidé!
Vůl unášen těmito myšlenkami smutně zaklepal hlavou. Zvon na jeho krku se rozezněl a zapraskalo jho. Galonja otevřel oči. Podíval se na svého přítele a zabučel:
– Tady to máš. Zase ty tvoje nesmysly. Najez se, blázne. Ať se trošku obalíš tukem. Podívej se, jak ti všude trčí žebra. Pokud by přemýšlení bylo k něčemu dobré, lidé by to také nechali na nás, na volech. Potom bychom ale nebyli tak šťastní.
Sivonja se s lítostí podíval na svého kamaráda. Odvrátil od něho svou hlavu a opět se ponořil do svých myšlenek:
– Jsou pyšní na svou úžasnou historii. Mají své Kosovo pole, Bitvu na Kosově poli. Velká věc. Cožpak tenkrát mí předci netáhli vozy s potravinami a výzbrojí? Kdyby nebylo nás, lidé by to sami nezvládli. Potom tu máme povstání proti Turkům. Velká, ušlechtilá věc. Ale kdo tam tenkrát byl? Byli to snad tito hlupáci, co nosí nosy nahoru a kteří se přede mnou hrdě nosí jako kdyby to povstání bylo jejich zásluhou? Podívejte se například na mého pána. Je tak hrdý a i on se chlubí tímto povstáním. A to zvlášť faktem, že jeho praděd položil svůj život za války za svobodu jako statečný hrdina. Copak tohle je zásluha mého pána? Jeho praděd měl právo být hrdý, ale on ne. Jeho praděd zemřel za to, aby můj pán, jeho potomek, mohl být svobodný. A tak je svobodný. Ale jak svou svobodu užívá? Krade ostatním lidem plotové sloupky, sedí na voze a to já musím táhnout jak jeho, tak ty sloupky. On si v klidu podřimuje za otěžemi. Teď ty svoje plotové sloupky prodal, popíjí kořalku, nic nedělá a je hrdý na svou slavnou historii. A kolik mých předků bylo zabito během povstání, jen aby nakrmili bojovníky? A cožpak mí předci v té době netáhli všechnu výzbroj, děla, potraviny a střelivo? A přesto si nepřisvojujeme jejich zásluhy, protože my jsme se nezměnili. Dodnes svou povinnost plníme stejně jako kdysi naši předkové, svědomitě a trpělivě.
– Oni jsou hrdí, že jejich předkové trpěli pět set let v otroctví. Náš druh trpí celou svou existenci. Do dnešního dne stále trpíme a jsme otroci. Přitom nekřičíme z plných plic. Oni říkají, že Turci je mučili, vraždili, napichovali je na kůly… mí předci byli vražděni jak Srby, tak Turky. Byli opékání a prošli si mnohým utrpením.
– Oni jsou hrdí na své náboženství. Přitom nevěří ničemu. Copak je to chyba moje či mých druhů, že nás Křesťané mezi sebe nepřijmou? Jejich náboženství jim říká: “Nepokradeš.” A podívejte se na mého pána, který krade a pije za peníze, které získal z krádeže. Jejich náboženství jim říká, aby milovali bližního svého. Přitom jeden druhému neustále ubližují. Pro ně nejlepší člověk, příklad samé ctnosti, je ten, který nikomu nezpůsobí žádnou újmu. A samozřejmě, nikdo z nich se nenamáhá, aby kromě toho, že nikomu neublíží, udělal i něco dobrého. Tak hluboko klesli. Jejich příklad ctnosti může být jakákoliv zbytečná věc, která nikomu nezpůsobí žádnou újmu.
Vůl si zhluboka povzdechl. Jeho dech zvířil prach na cestě.
– A tak – pokračoval vůl ve svých smutných úvahách – cožpak já a mí druzi nejsme lepší než kdokoliv z nich? Já nikdy nikoho nezavraždil, nikdy jsem nikoho nepomlouval, nikdy jsem nic neukradl. Nikdy jsem nevinného nevyhodil z veřejné služby, nikdy jsem se nedopustil zpronevěry, nikdy jsem nevyhlásil falešný bankrot. Nikdy jsem k řetězům nepřivázal a nezajal nevinné lidi. Nikdy jsem nepomlouval své přátele. Nikdy jsem nešel proti zákonům volů. Nikdy jsem neučinil falešná svědectví. Nikdy jsem nebyl ministrem státu a nikdy jsem zemi neublížil. A nejenom že jsem nikdy neublížil, já dokonce činím dobré skutky těm, kteří ubližují mně. Když mě má matka porodila, okamžitě mě ti zlí lidé odstavili od jejího mateřského mléka. Alespoň že Bůh pro nás voli vytvořil trávu. Ne pro lidi. Přitom i o tu nás oni připravili. I přes všechno to bití stále táhneme jejich vozy, oráme jejich pole a dáváme jim chléb. Přesto si nikdo neváží našich skutků, které děláme pro naši rodnou zem…
– Nebo podívejme se například na půst. Náboženství lidem káže, že se mají o postních dnech postit. Oni ale nejsou ochotni podstoupit ani malý půst. Přitom já a mí přátelé se postíme celé naše životy a to od chvíle, co nás odtrhli od prsou našich matek.
Vůl utrápeně sklonil hlavu. Poté ji opět zvedl. Vztekle zafuněl. Zdálo se, že si vzpomněl na něco důležitého. Něco, co ho velice trápí. Z ničeho nic vesele zabučel:
– Oh, teď už vím. To musí být ono – a pokračoval ve své úvaze – tak to je. Jsou hrdí na svou svobodu a občanská práva. Musím se nad tím vážně zamyslet.
A tak přemýšlel dál. Přemýšlel, ale vymyslet to nedokázal.
– O jaká práva jde? Pokud jim policie nařídí, aby volili, jdou volit. My ale můžeme úplně stejně zabučet: “Pro-o-o-o!” A pokud jim to nikdo nepřikáže, nebudou volit, nebo se vměšovat do politiky tak jako my. Ve věznicích je taky bijí, a to i když jsou nevinní. Když nic, my alespoň bijeme a máváme ocasy. Oni ani tuhle trochu občanské odvahy nemají.
V ten moment jeho pán vyšel ven z hospůdky. Opilý, vrávorající, pohled rozmazaný, mumlajíce nesrozumitelná slova nejistě vyrazil směrem k vozu.
– Jen se podívejte, jak tento hrdý potomek využívá svou svobodu, kterou získal krví svých předků. Správně. Můj pán je opilec a zloděj. Jak ale ostatní využívají svou svobodu? Zahálí a jen se chvástají minulostí a zásluhami svých předků, ke kterým oni se přičinili stejnou měrou jako já. A my, volové, my stále pilně dřeme a jsme užitečnými pracovníky stejně jako kdysi naši předci. My jsme jen volové, ale i dnes můžeme být hrdí na naši náročnou práci a zásluhy.
Vůl si zhluboka povzdechl a nastavil krk, aby mohl být opět zapřažen.
V Bělehradě, 1902
Pro “Radoje Domanović” Projekt přeložila Petra Bajerová, 2020
